HAMTAEHYEON

로테르담의 가장 유명한 전경 또는 다리..

Paris has the Eiffel Tower; New York has the Empire State Building; in Rotterdam it's the Erasmus bridge. Its structural scale and design articulation has become a distinctive landmark within the surrounding skyline. This cable-stay bridge links the northern and southern parts of the city with a 802 m span in spectacular style. The bridge deck is supported by steel cables slung over a single pylon that is bent to counter the forces of tension. Traffic passes underneath the 139 m pylon as it straddles the roadway. The structure is called "the Swan" by locals because of its graceful posture over the water. The Erasmus Bridge is such a dramatic departure in bridge building that it has even become part of the city's official logo. The top part of pylon of the bridge is reachable through an internal staircase.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Erasmus%20Bridge

Erasmus Bridge landings
Rising to a height of 139 m and spanning a width of 802 m, the bridge over the River Maas is a landmark for Rotterdam. The eye-catching steel asymmetric pylon is not the only interesting thing on this bridge: its concrete, slowly rising unusual formed landings are quite as impressive. Solidly anchored to the north shore the road to Erasmus Bridge is not only quite narrow, but built on a slight incline, reducing the structure's apparent heaviness and giving it a slender, light appearance. On top are two sidewalks, two cycle tracks, tram rails and two vehicle carriageways. Constructed to facilitate the orchestration of traffic flows, the sweeping concrete staircases of the bridge lead up from the parking garage on the north side, extending the curve of the main ramp to pedestrian level and turning the bridge into something of a public space in the sky. Underneath the traffic deck, there?s a shop, restaurant, bar and underground parking, all part of the same construction.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Erasmus%20Bridge%20landings

교량 이름의 에라스무스(Desiderius Erasmus / 1466.10.27~1536.7.12)는 로테르담(Rotterdam) 출신의 르네상스 시대의 네덜란드 인문주의자이며, 에라스무스-橋 부근에는 에라스무스 대학이 자리잡고 있다. 다리는 로테르담-市 뉴마스-江의 남단과 북단을 연결하고 있으며, 지리적, 상업적으로 매우 중요한 곳으로 꾸준히 도시계획개발이 이루어지고 있는 상황이다.

세계 최초로 조성된 걷고 싶은 거리로서 관광객이 끊이질 않는다고 한다. 가로변에 건립된 2층 건축물군은 시야를 탁 트이고 하고 일광욕을 즐기는 유럽인들에게 태양빛을 쪼이기에 안성맞춤이다. 쇼핑을 할 마음이 생기지 않을 수 없다. 연장 800m에 20m 너비, 중앙 보행공간엔 보기 좋은 가로수 아래의 노천카페는 관광객의 휴식처로 제공되고 있다. 점포 입구엔 가로를 따라 차양이 설치되어 더위를 피하며 쇼핑을 즐기도록 되어 있다. 의류, 신발, 귀금속류가 대부분이었고, 쌍둥이 칼로 유명한 주방기구도 구경할 수 있다.

In the 1980’s this area was once viewed as a problem area – a large empty place without character. The new square now is an urban stage, interactive and changing, with the skyline as its décor. The Schouwburgplein is situated in the heart of the city and is surrounded by shops and flanked by the City Theatre and the City Concert Hall. The space is furnitured with 15 meter high ventilation towers from the underground parking and four hydraulic lighting elements. Their configuration can be interactively altered by the inhabitants of the city. The layout of the square is based on the expected use at different times of the day and its relationship to the sun. These sunlight-zones are reflected in the mosaic of the different materials used on the floor.The whole square is lifted 35 cm from ground level to enhance the stage-effect.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Schouwburgplein

The cinema is located on top of an underground parking. That is why the construction is made with a relatively light steel frame, and the façade is clad with plastic. These light transmitting panels give the building a very urban and futuristic look at night. The interior hall on the first floor is an amazing public space.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Cinema%20Schouwburgplein

신축 플레데뤼스 (R. H. Fledderus) + 크라이반거 형제 (E.H.A. & H.M. Kraayvanger)
증축 엑토르 오흐스타트 건축사무소(Ector Hoogstad Architecten)
Kruisstraat 2, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 신축 1955~1966 / 증축 1993~2000

데 둘런은 로테르담-市 중앙역에서 도보로 2분 정도 거리에 도시 중앙에 위치하고 있다. 1955년부터 1966년에 기존 공연/회의시설이 개발되었고, 2000년에 데 둘런 공연/회의 센터(De Doelen concert and congress center)는 기존 지붕층과 상부에 8,000㎡ 규모의 회의/전시공간(conference and exhibition space)을, 그리고 기존 건물 상부와 측면을 따라 다양한 규모의 강연장(various auditorium spaces)을 증축했고, 도로 레벨(street level)에는 1,000㎡ 규모의 소매점(retail outlets)을 새로 건축했다. 로테르담-市는 세계 2차 대전 初인 1940년 5월 15일, 독일 공군의 폭격으로 도심이 완전히 파괴되었고, 전후 로테르담-市의 재건(the reconstruction of Rotterdam)을 상징하는 일명 신축 기념물들(young monuments)이 세워졌는데 그 중 하나가 바로 데 둘런(De Doelen)이다. 이런 이유로 이 건물을 위한 증축은 많은 면에서 민감한 사건(a delicate task)이었고, 증축 디자인 과정 중 기존 건물의 디자이너이며 동료 건축가인 플레데뤼스(R. H. Fledderus)와 크라이반거 형제(E.H.A. & H.M. Kraayvanger)의 간섭을 받기도 했다. 더욱이 로테르담 시민(the people of Rotterdam)에게는 기존 건축물은 매우 강한 심리적 중요성(emotional significance)을 가지고 있었기 때문에 진행과정 상 주의(caution)와 존중(respect)이 항상 요구되었다. 결국 기존 건축물은 그대로 보존(intact)하고 그 중요성을 인정하는 측면에서 증축 요소를 선택하여야만 한다는 디자인 원칙(design principle)이 결정되었다. 로테르담-市 중앙 철도역과 직접 연결되면서 도시 심장부에 위치한 데 둘런 공연/회의 센터(De Doelen concert and congress center)는 문화, 교육 그리고 전문직관련 등 광범위한 이벤트를 소화할 수 있는 최적의 장소이다. 콘서트 홀(a concert hall)과 회의 센터(a congress centre)가 함께 자리하고 있고, 1960년대의 보편적인 양식(a typical 1960s style)과 현대의 회의 복합시설(a modern congress complex)이 함께 묶여있는 독특한 매력이 있다.
3,000 명 규모의 참가자를 소화할 수 있는 데 둘런의 시설 내부에는 빌럼 뷔르거 홀(the Willem Burger Zaal) 영역, 흐로테 홀(the Grote Zaal) 영역 그리고 위리안세 홀(the Jurriaanse Zaal) 영역의 세 가지 주요 시설이 있고, 이 시설은 각각 분리되어 이용이 가능하다. 세 공간에는 각각의 출입구(entrance)가 별도로 설치되어 있으며, 주출입 로비(a main lobby), 넓은 휴게홀(roomy foyers) 그리고 보조공간(auxiliary area) 등도 시설별로 운영되고 있다.
- 건축설계정보 참조 -

During the bombing of the city centre of Rotterdam on the 14th of May 1940 in World War II, the original building by J.J.P. Oud was destroyed. It stood at the Coolsingel. In 1986 the façade was reproduced by architect Carel Weeber at the Mauritsweg, in a part of Rotterdam that was spared from the bombs. The design is a perfect example of the Dutch artistic moment De Stijl with its use of primary colours and simple abstract composition of vertical and horizontal directions. Next to the Rietveld-Schröderhuis in Utrecht it is a very clear cut completion of the ideals of the movement. The ground floor houses a bar and restaurant. In the back is a small theatre.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Cafe%20De%20Unie

이 카페 겸 레스토랑 건물은 근대주의 건축가 야코뷔스 요하네스 피터르 아우트(Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud / 네덜란드 건축가 / 1890~1963)에 의해 디자인되어 1925년 지어진 건축물이다. 강력하고 역사적인 두 건축물 사이에 끼여있는 카페 데 위니의 정면은 단지 ‘아우트’다운 것들을 배열하였을 뿐인데(only she arranged Oud), 매우 도발적인 모습(provocation)을 나타내고 있다. 아마도 그것은 당연한 결과였을지 모른다. 설계 당시 그에게 인접한 건물들에 순응한다(adjustment)는 계획은 전혀 없었다고 한다.

그 자신은 이 작품에 대해 다음과 같이 설명하고 있다.
“ 내 생각에는 ‘카페’ 스스로가 식당과 주변환경 모두에 잘 적응하도록 도와줄 수 있는 논리적인 대조를 심도 있게 연구하여 시도하는 것이 최선의 방책 같았다. 발전하는 한 시대의 본질로부터 유기적으로 만들어진 것은 지극히 초현대적이지만 않다면, 다른 시대의 본질에서 만들어졌던 것과 잘 어우러져 지낼 수 있다는 사실을 우리에게 알려주고 있지 않은가.”
“The best seemed it to regard and try over logical contrasts the Café for itself to let both the restaurant and its environment apply. One taught us - and that were not the ultramodern ones - that only, which is organically from the nature of the epoch developed with gets along, what from the nature of another time came out.”(J. J. P Oud)
- 건축설계정보 참조 -

The white villa that houses the Chabot Museum was designed in 1938 by architect G.W. Baas. Baas had worked for many years at the Rotterdam firm of Brinkman & Van der Vlugt that was responsible for buildings such as the Van Nelle factory, the Feijenoord football stadium and the neighbouring Sonneveld and Bouve villas in the Museumpark. L. Stokla took over the construction when Baas was appointed coordinator of the building of the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo. The villa was commissioned by the Kraaijeveld family as a private house. The roof in the original design consisted of a single, large roof garden. Molenaar & Van Winden was responsible for the renovation.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Chabot%20Museum

The Euromast was built on the occasion of the Floriade, an international exposition on horticulture. The tower is named Euromast. ‘Euro’ because Rotterdam is in the heart of the European market and ‘mast’ because not only Dutch know what the word means but also English, Germans, Swedes, Norwegians and Danes. They also use the word mast. At a height of 32 m Dutch architect Maaskant provided the tower with a replica of a ship’s bridge complete with navigation systems and a chart- room. In this room the public could experience what it means to navigate a sea-vessel. Made of reinforced concrete and 9 m in diameter (inside) it has walls that are 30 cm thick. The foundation consists of 131 concrete piles. On these piles rests a block of reinforced concrete weighing 1,900,000 kilograms and serving as a counterweight to the aboveground construction. The crow’s nest restaurant - weighing 240 tons - was ingeniously hoisted up in five days up to 100 m above ground.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Euromast

Part of the larger Schiecentrale Complex in the former harbour area Lloydkwartier, this new building will house the local TV broadcasting station, its studio’s and offices. The Schiecentrale used to be an electricity plant, now transformed into a creative melting-pot of 80 different film, audio-visual and Information and Communication Technology businesses. The complex consists of the 25Kv Building, the Trafohuis, Hotel Stroom, the canteen building, and more living and working space. The façade of this building, clad with cast-iron panels has a special pattern, designed by Studio Job. It refers to the former steel-industry of the harbour area, and was chosen for its ‘dirty’ look, and the resemblance to the cast-iron covers on street-holes. The plates, now orange, will soon rust more and change into dark brown, leaving rusty, red water, which will be disgorged. The choice for this material leaves visitors to think it is also one of the renovated and reused buildings.

This 65 metres high tower has a mixed program of educational spaces, offices and public functions. A route of escalators links the different departments from the lobby all the way to the top. The low-rise part of the building contains the special facilities like simulator rooms, restaurants, a media centre, a sports centre, and workshops. The cantilevered conference room overlooks the Port of Rotterdam, while the stepped student restaurant on the ground floor overlooks the Maas river. The meandering building volume forms a vertical icon for this international centre of maritime knowledge. Neutelings Riedijk also got the commission (through a European selection process, a tender) to design the interior of the building.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Scheepvaart%20en%20Transport%20College

The former warehouse and national monument Jobsveem, also known as St. Job, on the quay of the Lloyd Pier in Rotterdam, has been changed significantly. The design by Mei in collaboration with architect Wessel de Jonge breathes new life into the old warehouse. Since its completion in 1913, is was extremely introverted. This was done to protect the stored goods from too much daylight, rain and wind. The structure involved the use of construction methods that were very advanced for their time: long floors (130x25m) with cast-iron columns of different heights. Converting it to apartments and commercial spaces was an opportunity to bring daylight into the building with 3 glazed atria. The light courts of glass and steel emphasise the monumental components that have been carefully restored. They are lively, light spaces where residents can meet one another. In warm weather, and also in the event of calamities such as fire, the glazed roof opens and a light breeze blows through the atrium.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Jobsveem

The existing building of the Onafhankelijk Toneel (The Independent Theatre) was extended by adding a new free-seating theatre with 180 seats, an entrance foyer and amenities. The concept of a “building within a building” was used to provide space for the props, riggings and stagecraft all around, while keeping the interior of the theatre serenely empty. This has enhanced the versatility of the building, since the area around the theatre can be used both as backstage and a public area. The construction and technique of the actual “making” of the theatre has deliberately been made visible. Within the theatre, the physical presence of technology is kept to the absolute minimum, so as not to distract from the performance. (Franz Ziegler)

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Opera%20O.T.

간결한 타일이지만  색의 조합으로 마감을 정리하니 대리석,화강석을 치장된 한국의 지하철역과는 다른 느낌이다.

Underneath the Rotterdam Erasmus Bridge several special functions have their offices and meeting spaces. On the north shore, under and next to the slightly inclining road the Spido Harbour Tours holds its ticket office. The eye-catching steel asymmetric pylon is not the only interesting thing on the Rotterdam landmark, this bridge has very remarkable concrete, slowly rising unusual formed landings. From here you can take harbour trips and daytours through the Rotterdam Harbour, ideal to get to know one of the world's largest international ports.

The building Willemswerf is located on a narrow strip between the busy street ‘Boompjes’ and the Scheepsmakershaven behind it. It is 88 m high, and has a remarkable diagonal kink or crack at the river side. This is derived from the street pattern. The façade is made with prefabricated elements, of 3,6 by 3,6 meter, to which white enameled tiles are attached.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Willemswerf

The original idea of these cubic houses came about in the 1970s. Piet Blom has developed a couple of these cubic houses that were built in Helmond. The city of Rotterdam asked him to design housing on top of a pedestrian bridge and he decided to use the cubic houses idea. The concept behind these houses is that he tries to create a forest by each cube representing an abstract tree; therefore the whole village becomes a forest.
The cubes are tilted and sit on hexagon-shaped pole structures. The cubes contain the living areas, which are split into three levels. The triangle-shaped lower level contains the living area. The windows on this level open onto the environment below due to the slope of the tilted cube. The middle level contains the sleeping area and a bathroom, while the top level, also in a triangular shape, is used as either an extra bedroom or a living space. The top level provides a great view since the apex of the room is a three sided pyramid with windows all around. The pole below some of the cubes allow for storage space as well as the staircase that leads to the entrance, while others have shops on the promenade level. The structure of the pole consists of three concrete pillars that have concrete block filling the space in between. As for the cube, the basic structure is concrete floor with concrete pillars. On top of this structure is something similar to a typical wood frame structure with wood stud framing and rockwool insulation. To protect the wooden frame and the insulation from exposure to the elements, they are covered with cement/wood fiberboards. To give the cube a nice appearance, zinc panels were used and complemented by double-glazed windows.

www.kubuswoning.nl.

The cube house (pole- or tree house) is designed as an abstract tree, the total complex (Blaak Heights) a wood (village). The village is like a safe oasis where several functions could take place: small-scale business, shops, a school and a children’s playground downstairs (promenade level) and living in the cube houses upstairs. The strong interaction between the private (upstairs) and the public is characteristic for this situation. The inhabitant has a great view because of the sloping windows. The complex is in fact a pedestrian bridge, crossing a traffic artery. This was an idea of the municipality at the time. Piet Blom was asked to ‘furnish’ this bridge. The cube house could be called an architectonic experiment, in which Blom has considered form, aesthetics and spatial effects of greater importance than functionality and practical purpose. Living in a cube (the top) reminds of a tree house which is accessible through the pole (the trunk). An archetypical way of living really.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Cube%20Housing

새로운 건축적인 시도에 인색하지 않은 로테르담-市에 1982년부터 건설이 시작된 38개의 큐브 하우스(주거단지)는 1984년에 완공되었다. 이 프로젝트의 설계자는 네덜란드 건축가 피에트 블롬(Piet Blom / 1934-1999)이며, 추상적인 수목(an abstract tree)과 그것에 의한 숲(forest)을 개념화하여, 마치 장대를 타고 오르내리는 나무 위의 오두막을 연상시키는 주거 단지이다. 로테르담-市 당국은 그에게 인도교(a pedestrian bridge) 상부에 집합주거(housing) 설계를 의뢰하였고, 큐브 하우스의 개념을 확정했다. 일부 건축 비평가들은 큐브 하우스를 통해 건축가 블롬이 실용적이고 기능적인 건축보다 시각적인 효과를 실험하고 있다는 의견을 내놓기도 했지만, 1970년대부터 그는 헬몬트(Helmond)-市에서 유사한 두 차례의 큐브 하우스 개발을 통해 ‘도시 속의 마을(a village within a city)’의 개념을 발전시키고 있었다. 마을 안에 배치된 집은 막대 꽂혀진 정육면체의 모양으로 3개의 面은 땅을 향해 그리고 3개의 面은 하늘을 향하도록 디자인 되었다. 집 아래에서 보면 잘 깎아 놓은 연필과 같은 모습이며, 동화 속의 마을을 연상시킨다. 1층에는 상점, 사무소, 학교와 운동장 등의 공공생활 공간을 배치하고, 그 상부에는 사적인 주거 공간인 큐브 하우스를 계획함으로써 수평적인 공공 공간과 수직적인 사적 공간이 각 기능을 확보하면서 서로 융합될 수 있도록 배려하였다. 또한 전체 단지의 배치로 보면 이 프로젝트는 사실 자동차 도로 상부에 만들어진 교량처럼 보이기도 한다.
주거 공간은 3개 층으로 구분되어 맨 하부는 거실이 있으며, 경사진 벽면 구조에 의해 하부의 외부공간으로 개방되어 있다. 중간층에는 침실과 욕실이 있으며, 최상층의 삼각형 공간에는 여분의 침실(an extra bedroom)이나 거실 공간으로 활용된다. 큐브의 최정상에 위치한 이 공간의 3개 면의 천창은 사방으로 아름다운 외부전경을 제공하고 있다. 하부의 수직 막대 부분(the pole)은 계단실과 창고가 위치하기도 하고, 경우에 따라 상점이 위치하기도 한다. 이 부분의 구조는 세 개의 콘크리트 기둥(concrete pillar)으로 구성되어 있고, 큐브는 연장된 콘크리트 기둥과 콘크리트 슬래브로 기본 구조가 되어있다. 최상부의 지붕 구조는 일반적인 목재 구조와 암면 단열재(rockwool insulation)를 이용하고 있으며, 그 위를 시멘트/목재 섬유판(cement/wood fiberboards)이 덮혀 있고 아연 패널(zinc panels)로 마감되어 있다. 창호에는 복층 유리 창문(double-glazed windows)이 사용되었다.
큐브 하우스 주거 단지 근처에는 역사적으로 유명한 배들이 수리되고 건조되던 로테르담-市에서 가장 오래된 아우데 하번(Oude Haven)-港口가 있으며, 단지의 항구측 광장에서는 그런 역사적인 선박들을 볼 수 있게 되어 있으며, 카페와 식당, 야외 공연장 등이 배치되어 있다.또한 네덜란드 19세기 고전양식 건축 중 유일한 고층 건물인 비테 하위스(Witte Huis / 1898 / W. Molenbroek / 높이 138feet)도 항구에 위치하고 있다.
- 건축설계정보 참조 -

The Red Apple is located in the vivacious heart of Rotterdam. This landmark contains 231 apartments and penthouses that all overlook the river Maas or the Old Port. The head of The Red Apple, is made out of the converging lines of the Wijnhaven Island and are joined together in a pentagonal volume, hanging over the base. On the southwest corner is the sleek apartment tower with a glass lobby and entrance on the ground floor and residential / work lofts above. In the skyline of Rotterdam, The Red Apple is characterized by its bright red façade lines. These lines are formed from anodized aluminium panels without adding paint. The lifestyle concept and the interior, is designed together with Jan des Bouvrie. The name is an obvious reference to another metropolis, the Big Apple, New York City. But the name also refers to the first function of this site since it was here that flat-bottomed boats moored and unloaded their cargo of apples to be sold in nearby markets.

http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Netherlands/Rotterdam/Red%20Apple